Nigute wakora icupa ryikirahure

Ikirahure gifite uburyo bwiza bwo gukwirakwiza no gukwirakwiza urumuri, imiti ihamye, kandi irashobora kubona imbaraga zumukanishi ningaruka zo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe ukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo gutunganya.Irashobora no guhindura ibirahuri guhindura ibara ryigenga kandi igatandukanya urumuri rwinshi, bityo ikoreshwa kenshi mubyiciro byose kugirango ihuze ibyifuzo bitandukanye.Iyi ngingo ivuga cyane cyane kubikorwa byo gukora amacupa yikirahure。

Byumvikane ko, hari impamvu zo guhitamo ikirahuri cyo gukora amacupa y'ibinyobwa, ari nacyo cyiza cy'amacupa y'ibirahure. Ibikoresho by'ibanze by'amacupa y'ibirahure ni amabuye karemano, quartzite, soda ya caustic, hekeste, n'ibindi. Amacupa y'ibirahure afite umucyo mwinshi kandi Kurwanya ruswa, kandi ntabwo bizahindura ibintu bifatika mugihe uhuye nimiti myinshi.Igikorwa cyacyo cyo gukora kiroroshye, kwerekana imiterere ni ubuntu kandi birashobora guhinduka, gukomera ni binini, birwanya ubushyuhe, bisukuye, byoroshye gusukura, kandi birashobora gukoreshwa inshuro nyinshi.Nkibikoresho byo gupakira, amacupa yikirahure akoreshwa cyane cyane mubiribwa, amavuta, inzoga, ibinyobwa, ibyokurya, amavuta yo kwisiga nibicuruzwa bivura imiti nibindi.

Icupa ryikirahuri rikozwe mubwoko burenga icumi bwibikoresho fatizo byingenzi, nkifu ya quartz, hekeste, ivu rya soda, dolomite, feldspar, aside boric, barium sulfate, mirabilite, okiside ya zinc, potasiyumu karubone hamwe nikirahure kimenetse.Nibikoresho bikozwe mugushonga no gushushanya kuri 1600 ℃.Irashobora kubyara amacupa yikirahure yuburyo butandukanye ukurikije imiterere itandukanye.Kuberako ikozwe mubushyuhe bwinshi, ntabwo ari uburozi kandi butaryoshye.Nibikoresho nyamukuru bipakira ibiryo, ubuvuzi ninganda zikora imiti.Ibikurikira, imikoreshereze yihariye ya buri bikoresho izatangizwa.

Ifu ya Quartz: Ni minerval ikomeye, irwanya kwambara kandi ihagaze neza.Ibyingenzi byingenzi bigize imyunyu ngugu ni quartz, kandi ibyingenzi byingenzi bigize imiti ni SiO2.Ibara ry'umusenyi wa quartz ni amata yera, cyangwa adafite ibara kandi yoroheje.Gukomera kwayo ni 7. Iracitse kandi ntigira clavage.Ifite igikonoshwa nko kuvunika.Ifite amavuta meza.Ubucucike bwayo ni 2.65.Ubwinshi bwacyo (20-200 mesh ni 1.5).Imiterere yimiti, ubushyuhe nubukanishi ifite anisotropy igaragara, kandi ntishobora gushonga muri aside, Irashobora gushonga muri NaOH na KOH igisubizo cyamazi kiri hejuru ya 160 ℃, hamwe no gushonga 1650 ℃.Umusenyi wa Quartz nigicuruzwa gifite ingano ingano muri rusange kumashanyarazi ya mesh 120 nyuma yamabuye ya quartz yacukuwe mu kirombe.Ibicuruzwa bitambutsa mesh 120 mesh bita ifu ya quartz.Porogaramu nyamukuru: ibikoresho byo kuyungurura, ibirahuri byo murwego rwohejuru, ibicuruzwa byibirahure, inganda, gushonga amabuye, guta neza, guturika umucanga, ibikoresho byo gusya.

Limestone: calcium karubone nicyo kintu cyingenzi kigize hekeste, naho hekeste nicyo kintu nyamukuru kiboneka mu gukora ibirahure.Tungurusumu na hekeste bikoreshwa cyane nkibikoresho byo kubaka kandi ni nibikoresho fatizo byinganda nyinshi.Kalisiyumu karubone irashobora gutunganyirizwa mumabuye hanyuma igatwikwa mugihe cyihuse.

Ivu rya Soda: kimwe mu bikoresho by’ibanze by’imiti, bikoreshwa cyane mu nganda zoroheje, inganda z’imiti ya buri munsi, ibikoresho byubaka, inganda z’imiti, inganda z’ibiribwa, metallurgie, imyenda, peteroli, ingabo z’igihugu, ubuvuzi n’izindi nzego, ndetse no mu imirima yo gufotora no gusesengura.Mu rwego rwo kubaka ibikoresho, inganda zikirahure nizo zikoresha cyane ivu rya soda, hamwe na toni 0.2 z ivu rya soda ikoreshwa kuri toni yikirahure.

Acide ya Boric: ifu yera ya kirisiti cyangwa triclinic axial igipimo cya kirisiti, hamwe no kumva neza kandi nta mpumuro nziza.Gushonga mumazi, inzoga, glycerine, ether hamwe namavuta ya essence, igisubizo cyamazi ni acide nkeya.Ikoreshwa cyane mubirahure (ikirahure cya optique, ikirahure kitarwanya aside, ikirahure kitarwanya ubushyuhe, hamwe na fibre fibre kubikoresho byangiza) inganda, zishobora guteza imbere ubushyuhe no gukorera mu mucyo mubicuruzwa byibirahure, kunoza imbaraga za mashini, no kugabanya igihe cyo gushonga .Umunyu wa Glauber ugizwe ahanini na sodium sulfate Na2SO4, ni ibikoresho fatizo byo kumenyekanisha Na2O.Ikoreshwa cyane cyane mukurandura SiO2 kandi ikora nkibisobanuro.

Bamwe mu bakora inganda nabo bongeraho kulleti kuriyi mvange.Bamwe mubakora nabo bazongera gutunganya ikirahuri mugikorwa cyo kubyaza umusaruro.Niyo ari imyanda mubikorwa byo gukora cyangwa imyanda yo muri centre de recycling, ibiro 1300 byumucanga, ibiro 410 by ivu rya soda na 380 pound ya hekeste irashobora kubikwa kuri buri toni yikirahure cyongeye gukoreshwa.Ibi bizigama ibiciro byinganda, bizigama ibiciro ningufu, kugirango abakiriya babone ibiciro byubukungu kubicuruzwa byacu.

Ibikoresho fatizo bimaze gutegurwa, inzira yo kubyaza umusaruro izatangira.Intambwe yambere ni ugushonga ibikoresho fatizo byamacupa yikirahure mu itanura, ibikoresho bito hamwe na kleti bikomeza gushonga mubushyuhe bwinshi.Hafi ya 1650 ° C, itanura rikora amasaha 24 kuri 24, kandi ivangwa ryibikoresho fatizo bikora ikirahure cyashongeshejwe amasaha 24 kumunsi.Ikirahure gishongeshejwe kinyuramo.Noneho, nyuma yumuyoboro wibikoresho, ikirahure cyaciwe mo ibice ukurikije uburemere, kandi ubushyuhe bwashyizweho neza.

Hariho kandi ingamba zimwe na zimwe zo kwirinda mugihe ukoresheje itanura. Igikoresho cyo gupima ubunini bwurwego rwibikoresho fatizo bya pisine yashongeshejwe bigomba kuba byiganjemo.Mu gihe ibintu bimenetse, hagarika amashanyarazi vuba bishoboka. Mbere yikirahure gishongeshejwe gitemba. hanze yumuyoboro ugaburira, igikoresho cyo hasi gikingira voltage yikirahure cyashongeshejwe hasi kugirango ikirahure gishongeshejwe kitarishye.Uburyo busanzwe nugushiramo electrode ya molybdenum mukirahure cyashongeshejwe hanyuma ugahindura electrode ya molybdenum kugirango ukingire voltage mumirahure yashongeshejwe y irembo.Menya ko uburebure bwa electrode ya molybdenum yinjijwe mu kirahure cyashongeshejwe burenze 1/2 cy'ubugari bwa kwiruka.Mu gihe habaye ikibazo cyo kutagira amashanyarazi no kohereza amashanyarazi, ukora imbere y'itanura agomba kubimenyeshwa hakiri kare kugira ngo agenzure ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi. (nka sisitemu ya electrode) hamwe nibihe bikikije ibikoresho rimwe.Ihererekanyabubasha rishobora gukorwa gusa nyuma yikibazo. Mugihe habaye impanuka cyangwa impanuka ishobora guhungabanya cyane umutekano wumuntu cyangwa umutekano wibikoresho mukarere gashonga, uyikoresha agomba guhita akanda "buto yo guhagarika byihutirwa" kugirango ahagarike amashanyarazi. itangwa ryitanura ryamashanyarazi yose.Ibikoresho byo gupima ubunini bwibikoresho fatizo byinjira mu biryo bigomba kugenerwa ingamba zo kubika ubushyuhe.Mu ntangiriro y’itanura ry’amashanyarazi ry’itanura ry’ibirahure, ushinzwe itanura ry’amashanyarazi agomba gusuzuma electrode koroshya sisitemu y'amazi rimwe mu isaha hanyuma uhite uhura n’amazi yaciwe na electrode ku giti cye.Mu gihe habaye impanuka yamenetse mu itanura ry’amashanyarazi ry’itanura ry’ibirahure, amashanyarazi azahita ahagarikwa, kandi imyanda yamenetse igomba guterwa hejuru. -kanda umuyoboro wamazi ako kanya kugirango ukomere ikirahure cyamazi.Muri icyo gihe, umuyobozi uri ku kazi agomba kubimenyeshwa bidatinze.Niba umuriro w'itanura ry'ikirahure urenze iminota 5, pisine yashongeshejwe igomba gukora ikurikije amabwiriza yo kunanirwa kw'amashanyarazi. Iyo sisitemu yo gukonjesha amazi hamwe na sisitemu yo gukonjesha ikirere itanga impuruza , umuntu agomba koherezwa gukora iperereza ako kanya kandi akabyitwaramo mugihe gikwiye.

Intambwe ya kabiri nugushiraho icupa ryikirahure. Uburyo bwo gukora amacupa yikirahure nibibindi bivuga urukurikirane rwibikorwa (harimo ubukanishi, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, nibindi) bisubirwamo muburyo butandukanye bwo gutangiza gahunda, hagamijwe gukora icupa n'ikibindi gifite imiterere yihariye nkuko byari byitezwe.Kugeza ubu, hari inzira ebyiri zingenzi mu gukora amacupa yikirahure hamwe n’ibibindi: uburyo bwo kuvuza umunwa muto wacupa hamwe nuburyo bwo guhuha igitutu kumacupa manini ya kalibari na jarisi.Muri ubwo buryo bubiri bwo kubumba, amazi yikirahure yashongeshejwe yaciwe icyuma gikonjesha ku bushyuhe bwacyo (1050-1200 ℃) kugirango kibe ibitonyanga by'ibirahure bya silindrike, Byitwa "guta ibintu".Uburemere bwigabanuka ryibikoresho birahagije kubyara icupa.Inzira zombi zitangirira ku kogoshesha ibirahuri byamazi, ibitonyanga bigabanuka munsi yibikorwa bya rukuruzi, hanyuma ukinjira muburyo bwambere unyuze mumatungo hamwe nu muyoboro uhinduka.Noneho ifumbire yambere irafunzwe cyane kandi ifunzwe na "bulkhead" hejuru.Mu gihe cyo kuvuza, ikirahure kibanza gusunikwa n'umwuka ucye unyura mu gihu, ku buryo ikirahure cyo gupfa kiba;Noneho intangiriro iramanuka gato, kandi umwuka wafunitse unyuze mu cyuho kumwanya wibanze wagura ikirahuri cyakuwe hasi kugeza hejuru kugirango wuzuze ifumbire yambere.Binyuze mu kirahuri nk'iki, ikirahure kizaba gifite imiterere yabugenewe, kandi mugihe gikurikiraho, kizongera guhuhwa n'umwuka uhumanye mu cyiciro cya kabiri kugirango ubone ishusho yanyuma.

Umusaruro wamacupa yikirahure nibibindi bikorwa mubyiciro bibiri byingenzi: murwego rwa mbere, ibisobanuro byose byububiko bwumunwa bikozwe, kandi umunwa wuzuye urimo gufungura imbere, ariko imiterere nyamukuru yumubiri wibirahure izaba ntoya cyane kurenza ubunini bwanyuma.Ibicuruzwa byibirahure byakozwe igice cyitwa parison.Mugihe gikurikiraho, bazahita baterwa mumacupa yanyuma.Kuhereye kumpande yibikorwa bya mashini, gupfa hamwe nibice bigize umwanya ufunze hepfo.Nyuma yo gupfa kuzuye ikirahure (nyuma yo gukubita), intoki isubizwa inyuma gato kugirango yoroshe ikirahure ihuye nintangiriro.Noneho umwuka ucometse (guhindukira uhuha) kuva hasi kugeza hejuru unyura mu cyuho munsi yimbere kugirango ugire parison.Noneho igituba kirazamuka, ifumbire yambere irakingurwa, kandi ukuboko guhindukira, hamwe nu rupfu na gereza, bihindukirira uruhande rwabumbabumbwe.Iyo ukuboko guhindukira kugeze hejuru yububiko, ifu kumpande zombi izafungwa kandi yafatanyijemo kuzinga gereza.Urupfu ruzakingura gato kugirango urekure gereza;Hanyuma ukuboko guhindukira kuzasubira kuruhande rwambere hanyuma utegereze icyiciro gikurikira cyibikorwa.Umutwe uhuha uramanuka hejuru yububiko, umwuka wugarijwe usukwa muri gereza kuva hagati, kandi ikirahure cyakuweho cyaguka mubibumbano kugirango kibe imiterere yanyuma y icupa.Mu nzira yo guhuha igitutu, gereza ntikiri ikiriho byakozwe numwuka uhumanye, ariko mugukuramo ikirahuri mumwanya ufunguye wibanze ryibanze ryibanze hamwe nintambwe ndende.Ihirikwa ryanyuma hamwe nuburyo bwa nyuma bihuye nuburyo bwo kuvuza.Nyuma yibyo, icupa rizakurwa mubibumbano hanyuma rishyirwe ku isahani ihagarara icupa hamwe n'umwuka ukonje wo hasi, utegereje ko icupa rikururwa hanyuma rijyanwa mubikorwa bya annealing.

Intambwe yanyuma ni ugushyira mugikorwa cyo gukora amacupa yikirahure. Hatitawe kubikorwa, ubuso bwibikoresho byikirahure byavanze mubisanzwe bikozwe nyuma yo kubumba

Iyo bikiri bishyushye cyane, kugirango bikore amacupa nibikarito birwanya gushushanya, ibi byitwa kuvura impera zishyushye, hanyuma amacupa yikirahure ajyanwa mu itanura rya annealing, aho ubushyuhe bwabo bwongera kugera kuri 815 ° C, hanyuma igabanuka buhoro buhoro kugeza munsi ya 480 ° C. Ibi bizatwara amasaha agera kuri 2.Uku gushyuha no gukonjesha buhoro bikuraho umuvuduko uri muri kontineri.Bizamura ubukana bwibikoresho bisanzwe byikirahure.Bitabaye ibyo, ikirahuri kiroroshye kumeneka.

Hariho kandi ibintu byinshi bikeneye kwitabwaho mugihe cya annealing. Itandukaniro ryubushyuhe bwitanura rya annealing muri rusange ntirisanzwe.Ubushyuhe bwigice cy itanura rya annealing kubicuruzwa byibirahuri muri rusange biri munsi yimpande zombi kandi hejuru murwego rwagati, ibyo bigatuma ubushyuhe bwibicuruzwa butaringaniye, cyane cyane mubyumba byo mu cyumba.Kubera iyo mpamvu, mugihe utegura umurongo, uruganda rwamacupa yikirahure rugomba gufata agaciro kari munsi yumuvuduko uhoraho wemewe kugirango umuvuduko ukonje utinze, kandi muri rusange ufata kimwe cya kabiri cyibibazo byemewe kubara.Agaciro gashobora kwemerwa kubicuruzwa bisanzwe birashobora kuba 5 kugeza 10 nm / cm.Ibintu bigira ingaruka kubushyuhe bwubushyuhe bwitanura bigomba nanone gusuzumwa mugihe hagaragajwe umuvuduko wubushyuhe n'umuvuduko ukonje.Muburyo bwa annealing, gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe mu itanura rya annealing bigomba kugenzurwa kenshi.Niba itandukaniro rinini ry'ubushyuhe ryabonetse, rigomba guhinduka mugihe.Mubyongeyeho, kubicuruzwa byibirahure, ibicuruzwa bitandukanye bikorerwa icyarimwe.Iyo ushyize ibicuruzwa mu itanura rya annealing, ibicuruzwa bimwe byurukuta rushyirwa mubushyuhe bwo hejuru mu itanura rya annealing, mugihe ibicuruzwa bito bito bishobora gushyirwa mubushyuhe buke, ibyo bikaba bifasha muguhuza ibicuruzwa byurukuta rwinshi.Ikibazo cyo guhagarika urukuta rutandukanye. ibicuruzwa Imbere ninyuma yibicuruzwa bikuta byurukuta birahagaze.Mugihe cyo kugaruka, hejuru yubushyuhe bwibicuruzwa byurukuta rwinshi, niko byihuta kuruhuka kwingutu ziterwa na termoelastique mugihe gikonje, kandi niko guhangayika guhoraho kwibicuruzwa.Guhangayikishwa nibicuruzwa bifite imiterere igoye biroroshye kwibanda kuri [nk'ibibyimba binini, inguni iburyo n'ibicuruzwa bifite imikono], bityo rero nk'ibicuruzwa bikikijwe n'inkuta, ubushyuhe bwa insulasiyo bugomba kuba buke, kandi umuvuduko wo gushyushya no gukonjesha ugomba kugenda gahoro. ikibazo cyubwoko butandukanye bwikirahure Niba ibicuruzwa byamacupa yikirahure hamwe nibintu bitandukanye bigize imiti bifatanyirijwe hamwe mu itanura rimwe, ikirahure gifite ubushyuhe buke bwa annealing kigomba gutoranywa nkubushyuhe bwo kubika ubushyuhe, kandi hagomba gukoreshwa uburyo bwo kongera igihe cyo kubika ubushyuhe. , kugirango ibicuruzwa bifite ubushyuhe butandukanye bwa annealing bishobora gufatanwa nkibishoboka.Ku bicuruzwa bifite imiti imwe, ubunini butandukanye nuburyo butandukanye, iyo bishyizwe mu itanura rimwe, ubushyuhe bwa annealing bugenwa hakurikijwe ibicuruzwa bifite umubyimba muto wurukuta kugirango hirindwe guhindura ibicuruzwa bikikijwe n'inkuta zoroshye mugihe cyo gufunga, ariko gushyushya no umuvuduko wo gukonjesha ugomba kugenwa ukurikije ibicuruzwa bifite ubugari bunini bwurukuta kugirango harebwe niba ibicuruzwa byurukuta rwinshi bitavunika bitewe nubushyuhe bwumuriro.Gusubira inyuma kwikirahure cya borosilicate Kubicuruzwa by ibirahuri bya Pengsilicate, ikirahuri gikunda gutandukana mugice cyubushyuhe bwa annealing.Nyuma yo gutandukana kwicyiciro, imiterere yikirahure irahinduka nimikorere yayo, nkubushyuhe bwimiti igabanuka.Kugirango wirinde iki kibazo, ubushyuhe bwa annealing bwibirahuri bya borosilike bigomba kugenzurwa cyane.Cyane cyane kubirahuri birimo boron nyinshi, ubushyuhe bwa annealing ntibukwiye kuba hejuru cyane kandi igihe cya annealing ntigikwiye kuba kirekire.Mugihe kimwe, gusubiramo inshuro nyinshi bigomba kwirindwa bishoboka.Urwego rwo gutandukanya icyiciro cyo gusubiramo inshuro nyinshi birakomeye.

Hariho indi ntambwe yo kubyara amacupa yikirahure.Ubwiza bwamacupa yikirahure bugomba kugenzurwa ukurikije intambwe zikurikira.Ibisabwa ubuziranenge: amacupa yikirahure nibibindi bigomba kugira imikorere runaka kandi byujuje ubuziranenge.

Ubwiza bw'ikirahure: cyera kandi niyo, nta mucanga, imirongo, ibituba nizindi nenge.Ikirahuri kitagira ibara gifite umucyo mwinshi;Ibara ry'ikirahuri cy'amabara ni kimwe kandi gihamye, kandi gishobora gukuramo imbaraga z'umucyo z'uburebure runaka.

Imiterere yumubiri na chimique: Ifite imiti ihamye kandi ntabwo ikora nibirimo.Ifite imbaraga zimwe na zimwe zo kurwanya imitingito n'imbaraga za mashini, irashobora kwihanganira uburyo bwo gushyushya no gukonjesha nko gukaraba no guhagarika, kandi irashobora kwihanganira kuzuza, kubika no gutwara, kandi irashobora kuguma idahwitse mugihe habaye ibibazo rusange byimbere mu gihugu no hanze, kunyeganyega n'ingaruka.

Ubwiza bwububiko: komeza ubushobozi, uburemere nuburyo, ndetse nubunini bwurukuta, umunwa woroshye kandi uringaniye kugirango wuzuze neza kandi ushireho ikimenyetso.Nta nenge nko kugoreka, gukomera hejuru, kutaringaniza no guturika.

Niba wujuje ibisabwa haruguru, twishimiye.Watsinze neza icupa ryikirahure cyujuje ibyangombwa.Shyira mubicuruzwa byawe.