Iterambere ry'amacupa ya divayi itukura

Amacupa yinzabibu afite imiterere n'amabara atandukanye ntabwo arimo vino iryoshye gusa, ahubwo inaduhishurira amakuru menshi yerekeye vino kuruhande. Iyi ngingo izatangirira ku nkomoko ya vino itukura kandi isangire iterambere ryicupa rya divayi itukura yose.

Mbere yo kuganira ku iterambere ry’amacupa atukura ya divayi, reka tuganire muri make amateka yiterambere ryimyaka ibihumbi icyenda yose ya divayi itukura. Divayi yavumbuwe muri Irani ahagana mu 5400 mbere ya Yesu yafatwaga nkimwe muri divayi yatunganijwe kera kwisi, ariko kuvumbura ya divayi mu matongo ya Jiahu muri Henan yongeye kwandika iyi nyandiko.Nk’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ubu, amateka y’ubushinwa mu myaka irenga 1000 ugereranije n’ay’amahanga.Ni ukuvuga, Urubuga rwa Jiahu, urubuga rukomeye mugihe cyambere cya Neolithic mu Bushinwa, nabwo ni amahugurwa yo gukora divayi hakiri kare ku isi.Nyuma yo gusesengura imiti y’imyanda iri ku rukuta rwimbere rw’ibumba rwacukuwe ku kibanza cya Jiahu, byagaragaye ko abantu icyo gihe bari gukora divayi y’umuceri, ubuki na vino, kandi bakanabibika mu nkono zibumba. Muri Isiraheli, Jeworujiya, Arumeniya, Irani n'ibindi bihugu, habonetse icyiciro kinini cy'ibikoresho binini byo guteka kuva mu 4000 mbere ya Yesu.Muri kiriya gihe, abantu bakoreshaga ibyo bikoresho byashyinguwe mu guteka vino;Kugeza magingo aya, Jeworujiya iracyakoresha kontineri mu gihugu kugira ngo itekeshe divayi, ubusanzwe yitwa KVEVRI. Ku cyapa cya Pilos ya kera y'Abagereki kuva mu 1500 kugeza mu wa 1200 mbere ya Yesu, amakuru menshi yerekeye imizabibu na vino akunze kwandikwa mu murongo umwe w'icyiciro B. (Ikigereki cya kera).

121 mbere ya Yesu byitwa umwaka wa Opimiyani, bivuga umwaka wa vino nziza mugihe cyizahabu cya Roma ya kera.Bavuga ko iyi divayi ishobora kunywa nyuma yimyaka 100. Muri 77, Pliny the Elder, umwanditsi wa encyclopedike i Roma ya kera, yanditse interuro izwi cyane "Vino Veritas" na "Muri Divayi Hariho Ukuri" mu gitabo cye "Amateka Kamere ".

Mu kinyejana cya 15-16, divayi wasangaga icupa mu nkono ya farashi hanyuma ikongera kuyisembura kugirango itange ibibyimba;Ubu buryo bwa Cremant ni prototype ya vino itangaje yubufaransa na cider yicyongereza.Mu mpera zikinyejana cya 16, kugirango babuze divayi kwangirika mugihe cyo gutwara ingendo ndende, abantu muri rusange bongereye ubuzima bongeraho inzoga (uburyo bwo gushimangira).Kuva icyo gihe, divayi izwi cyane nka Port, Sherry, Madeira na Marsala yakozwe muri ubu buryo. Mu kinyejana cya 17, mu rwego rwo kurushaho kubungabunga Porter, Abanyaportigale babaye igihugu cya mbere cyamamaye divayi icupa ry’ibirahure, ihumekwa na bombi gutwi vino yamatwi yanditse mumateka.Kubwamahirwe, icupa ryikirahure muricyo gihe ryashoboraga gushyirwa gusa mu buryo buhagaritse, bityo igiti gihagarika imbaho ​​cyacitse byoroshye kubera gukama, bityo bikabura ingaruka zo gufunga.

I Bordeaux, 1949 wari umwaka mwiza cyane, ari nawo witwaga Vintage of the Century.Mu 1964, havutse umufuka wa mbere wa Bag-in-a-Box Wines. Imurikagurisha rya mbere rya divayi ku isi ryabaye mu 1967 i Verona. , Ubutaliyani.Muri uwo mwaka, uwasaruye imashini ya mbere ku isi yamamaye ku mugaragaro i New York.Mu 1978, Robert Parker, wanenze divayi yemewe ku isi, yashinze ku mugaragaro ikinyamakuru The Wine Advocate, kandi uburyo bwe bwo kwerekana ibimenyetso ijana na bwo bwahindutse ikintu gikomeye kubaguzi kugura vino.Kuva icyo gihe, 1982 yabaye impinduka kubintu byiza Parker yagezeho.

Mu 2000, Ubufaransa bwabaye divayi nini ku isi, bukurikirwa n’Ubutaliyani. Mu mwaka wa 2010, Cabernet Sauvignon yabaye ubwoko bw’imizabibu bwatewe cyane ku isi.Mu 2013, Ubushinwa bwabaye umuguzi wa divayi itukura ku isi.

Nyuma yo kumenyekanisha iterambere rya vino itukura, reka tuvuge kubyerekeye iterambere ryamacupa ya divayi itukura. Uwabanjirije icupa ryibirahure ni inkono cyangwa inkono yamabuye.Biragoye kwiyumvisha uburyo abantu ba kera basutse ibirahuri bya divayi hamwe nibikono byibumba.

Mubyukuri, ikirahure cyavumbuwe kandi gikoreshwa mugihe cyambere cyAbaroma, ariko icyo gihe ibirahuri byari bifite agaciro gakomeye kandi ntibisanzwe, byari bigoye guhimba kandi byoroshye.Muri kiriya gihe, abanyacyubahiro babonaga bitonze kubona ibirahuri nk'urwego rwo hejuru, ndetse rimwe na rimwe bakabizinga muri zahabu.Biragaragara ko ibyo Uburengerazuba bukina atari zahabu yometse kuri jade, ahubwo zahabu yometseho "ikirahure"!Niba dukoresha ibirahuri birimo divayi, ntibisanzwe nkamacupa akozwe muri diyama.

Divayi yavumbuwe muri Irani ahagana mu 5400 mbere ya Yesu, yafatwaga nk'imwe muri divayi ya mbere yatetse ku isi, ariko kuvumbura divayi mu matongo ya Jiahu muri Henan byongeye kwandika iyi nyandiko.Nk’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ubu, amateka y’ubushinwa mu myaka irenga 1000 ugereranije n’ay’amahanga.Ni ukuvuga, Urubuga rwa Jiahu, urubuga rukomeye mugihe cyambere cya Neolithic mu Bushinwa, nabwo ni amahugurwa yo gukora divayi hakiri kare ku isi.Nyuma y’isesengura ry’imiti ryerekeye imyanda iri ku rukuta rwimbere rw’ibumba rwacukuwe ahitwa Jiahu, byagaragaye ko abantu icyo gihe bari gukora divayi yumuceri, ubuki na vino, kandi bakanabibika mu nkono zibumba.Ibi byarakomeje kugeza ikinyejana cya cumi na karindwi, igihe habonetse amakara.Ubushyuhe bwumuriro bwamakara burenze ubw'umuceri wibyatsi nicyatsi, kandi ubushyuhe bwumuriro burashobora kugera byoroshye kurenza 1000 ℃, bityo ikiguzi cyibikorwa byo guhimba ibirahuri kiba gito kandi kiri hasi.Ariko amacupa yikirahure aracyari ibintu bidasanzwe bishobora kugaragara gusa murwego rwo hejuru mugitangira.(Ndashaka rwose gutwara amacupa menshi ya vino kugeza mu kinyejana cya 17 kugirango mpindure ibishishwa bya zahabu!) Muri icyo gihe, divayi yagurishijwe ku bwinshi.Abantu bafite ubukungu bwiza barashobora kugira icupa ryabakurambere.Igihe cyose bashakaga kunywa, bafata icupa ryubusa bajya mumuhanda gushaka amafaranga 20 ya divayi!

Amacupa yambere yikirahure yakozwe no kuvuza intoki, icupa rero rizagira impinduka nini mumiterere nubushobozi hamwe nubuhanga bwa tekiniki nubushobozi bukomeye bwa buriwakoze amacupa.Nukuri kuberako ingano yamacupa idashobora guhuzwa.Igihe kinini, vino ntiyari yemerewe kugurishwa mumacupa, ibyo bikaba byaviramo gucuruza akarengane. Kera, iyo twavuzaga amacupa, twari dukeneye ubufatanye bubiri.Umuntu yinjiza impera imwe yumuvuduko muremure wubushyuhe bwo hejuru mubirahure bishyushye hanyuma ugahindura igisubizo mubibumbano.Umufasha agenzura uburyo bwo guhinduranya kurundi ruhande.Ibicuruzwa byarangije igice biva mubibumbano nkibi biracyakeneye ishingiro, cyangwa bikenera abantu babiri gufatanya.Umuntu umwe akoresha inkoni irwanya ubushyuhe kugirango afate munsi yibicuruzwa byarangiye, undi muntu azunguruka umubiri w icupa mugihe ituma icupa ritanga umusaruro umwe kandi wubunini bukwiye.Imiterere yumucupa yumwimerere ni mike kandi ikunda, ibyo bikaba ibisubizo byimbaraga za centrifugal mugihe icupa rivanze kandi rikazunguruka.

Kuva mu kinyejana cya 17, imiterere y'icupa yarahindutse cyane mumyaka 200 yakurikiye.Imiterere y'icupa yahindutse kuva ku gitunguru gito kigera ku nkingi nziza.Muri make, imwe mu mpamvu ni uko umusaruro wa divayi wagiye wiyongera buhoro buhoro, kandi divayi irashobora kubikwa mu macupa.Mugihe cyo kubika, wasangaga izo scallion zifata umwanya munini kandi ntizorohewe kubikwa, kandi imiterere yabyo igomba kurushaho kunozwa;Icya kabiri, abantu basanze buhoro buhoro basanga divayi yabitswe mu icupa yaba nziza kuruta divayi yatetse, ubwo ni bwo buryo bwo gusama bwa tewolojiya "yeze".Ububiko mu icupa bwabaye inzira, kuburyo imiterere y icupa igomba gukora muburyo bworoshye no kubika umwanya.

Mubihe by'icupa ry'ikirahure rivuza, ingano ahanini iterwa n'ubushobozi bukomeye bw'icupa.Mbere ya za 1970, ingano y'amacupa ya divayi yari itandukanye kuva kuri ml 650 kugeza kuri 850.Amacupa ya Burgundy na champagne muri rusange ni manini, mugihe sheri hamwe nandi macupa ya divayi akomeye ari mato.Mu myaka ya za 70 ni bwo Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi wahuzaga ingano y’amacupa ya divayi, yose yasimbuwe na 750ml.Mu mateka, ingano y’amacupa ya divayi isanzwe ntabwo yari imwe.Kugeza mu myaka ya za 70, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi washyizeho ubunini bw’amacupa asanzwe ya divayi nka 750ml mu rwego rwo guteza imbere ubuziranenge.Kugeza ubu, amacupa 750 ml asanzwe yemerwa kwisi.Mbere yibyo, amacupa ya Burgundy na Champagne yari manini gato ugereranije na Bordeaux, mugihe amacupa ya sheri ubusanzwe yari mato ugereranije n'aya Bordeaux.Kugeza ubu, icupa risanzwe ryibihugu bimwe ni 500ml.Kurugero, umuvinyu wa Tokai wo muri Hongiriya wuzuye amacupa ya 500ml.Usibye amacupa asanzwe, hari amacupa mato cyangwa manini kuruta amacupa asanzwe.

Nubwo amacupa asanzwe akoreshwa ari 750ml, hari itandukaniro mubisobanuro nubunini bwamacupa yubundi bushobozi hagati ya Bordeaux na Champagne.

Nubwo ingano y’amacupa ya divayi ihuriweho, imiterere yumubiri iratandukanye, akenshi igereranya umuco wa buri karere.Imiterere y'icupa ryimibare myinshi isanzwe irerekanwa mumashusho.Kubwibyo, ntukirengagize amakuru yatanzwe nubwoko bwicupa, akenshi bikaba byerekana inkomoko ya vino.Kurugero, mubihugu bishya byisi, divayi ikozwe muri Pinot Noir na Chardonnay ikunze gushyirwa mumacupa ya Burgundy nkinkomoko;Muri ubwo buryo, ibyinshi muri Cabernet Sauvignon na Merlot vino yumutuku wumye bipakiye mumacupa ya Bordeaux.

Imiterere y'icupa rimwe na rimwe yerekana uburyo: Umutuku wumye wa Rioja urashobora gutekwa na Tempranillo cyangwa Kohena.Niba hari icupa ryinshi rya Tempranillo mumacupa, abayikora bakunda gukoresha amacupa asa na Bordeaux kugirango basobanure ibintu bikomeye kandi bikomeye.Niba hari Gerbera nyinshi, bahitamo gukoresha ishusho ya icupa rya Burgundy kugirango bagaragaze ubwitonzi bworoheje kandi bworoshye.

Urebye hano, nkabazungu babanje gukunda vino, bagomba kuba baracitse intege inshuro zitabarika.Kuberako impumuro nuburyohe bwa vino bikenera ibisabwa kugirango wumve impumuro nuburyohe, bisaba igihe kinini cyo kwiga nimpano kubatangiye.Ariko ntugire ikibazo, ntituzavuga kubyerekeye "igihagararo" cyo kunuka impumuro nziza no kumenya vino.Uyu munsi, turerekana urwego rwinjira rwa divayi rookie igomba KUBONA ibicuruzwa byumye vuba!Nukumenya vino uhereye kumiterere y'icupa!Icyitonderwa: Usibye uruhare rwububiko n'amacupa ya vino nabyo bigira ingaruka runaka kumiterere ya vino.Ibikurikira nubwoko buzwi cyane mumacupa ya vino:

1. Icupa rya Bordeaux

Icupa rya Bordeaux ibitugu bigororotse.Amacupa yamabara atandukanye arimo ubwoko bwa vino.Amacupa ya Bordeaux afite impande zoroheje, ibitugu bigari, namabara atatu: icyatsi kibisi cyijimye, icyatsi kibisi, kandi kitagira ibara: umutuku wumye mumacupa yicyatsi kibisi, umweru wumye mumacupa yicyatsi kibisi, na cyera cyiza mumacupa yera.Ubu icupa rya vino naryo bikunze gukoreshwa nabacuruzi ba vino mubihugu bishya byisi kugirango bafate divayi ivanze ya Bordeaux, naho divayi yo mubutaliyani nka Chianti nayo ikoreshwa mugutwara amacupa ya Bordeaux.

Imiterere y'icupa risanzwe ry'icupa rya Bordeaux, hamwe nigitugu kinini hamwe numubiri wa silindrike, bituma imyanda igora gusuka. Divayi ebyiri zifite umusaruro mwinshi n’igurisha ku isi, Cabernet Sauvignon na Merlot, zose zikoresha amacupa ya Bordeaux.Mu Butaliyani, icupa naryo rikoreshwa cyane, nka vino ya Chianti ya none.

Nkuko ubu bwoko bwa divayi icupa risanzwe kandi byoroshye gucupa, kubika no gutwara, bikundwa cyane na divayi.

Icupa rya burgundy

Icupa rya Burgundy ni icupa rikunzwe cyane kandi rikoreshwa cyane usibye icupa rya Bordeaux.Icupa rya Burgundy ryitwa kandi icupa ryoroshye.Umurongo wigitugu uroroshye, umubiri wicupa urazengurutse, numubiri wicupa ni muremure kandi ukomeye.Icupa rya Burgundy rikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gufata Pinot Noir, cyangwa vino itukura isa na Pinot Noir, ndetse na vino yera ya Chardonnay.Twabibutsa ko ubu bwoko bw'icupa ry'igitugu cya diagonal rizwi cyane mu kibaya cya Rhone cyo mu Bufaransa nacyo gifite imiterere isa n'icupa rya Burgundian, ariko umubiri w'icupa uri hejuru gato, ijosi riroroshye, kandi ubusanzwe icupa ryanditseho.Oblique ibitugu nuburyo bugororotse bwibutsa abantu ba nyakubahwa bageze mu za bukuru.Umubiri w'icupa ufite uburyo bukomeye bwo gutondeka, urutugu rugufi, umubiri uzengurutse kandi mugari, hamwe na groove hepfo.Divayi isanzwe ikubiye mu macupa ya Burgundy ni Chardonnay na Pinot Noir bo mu bihugu bishya by'isi.Divayi zimwe zuzuye, nka Barolo mu Butaliyani, nazo zikoresha amacupa ya Burgundy.

3.Icupa

Yoroheje kandi yoroheje, nka blonde yubufaransa ifite ishusho nziza.Icupa muri ubu buryo rifite amabara abiri.Umubiri wicyatsi witwa icupa rya Alsace, naho umubiri wijimye ni icupa rya Rhine, kandi hepfo ntihabeho igikoni!Divayi ikubiye muri ubu bwoko bw'icupa rya vino iratandukanye cyane, uhereye ku cyumye kugeza igice cyumye kugeza kuryoshye, ushobora kumenyekana gusa na label ya vino.

4. Icupa rya Champagne

Umubiri mugari ufite ibitugu bigoramye bisa nuwacupa rya Burugundiya, ariko ni binini, nkumuzamu wa burly.Hasi y'icupa mubusanzwe ifite ihungabana ryinshi, aribyo kwihanganira umuvuduko mwinshi uterwa na carboneisation mumacupa ya champagne.Umuvinyu wibanze wuzuye wuzuye muri icupa, kubera ko iki gishushanyo gishobora kwihanganira umuvuduko mwinshi muri divayi itangaje

Amacupa menshi ya vino agezweho afite amabara yijimye, kubera ko ibidukikije byijimye bizirinda ingaruka zumucyo kumiterere ya vino.Ariko uzi ko impamvu yatumye icupa ryikirahure rifite ibara mugitangiriro nigisubizo kitagira gitabara abantu badashobora gukuramo umwanda mubirahure.Ariko hariho n'ingero z'amacupa abonerana, nk'ibara ryijimye cyane, kuburyo ushobora kumubona mbere yo gufungura icupa.Noneho vino idakeneye kubikwa mubisanzwe ibikwa mumacupa atagira ibara, mugihe amacupa yamabara arashobora gukoreshwa mukubika vino ishaje.

Kubera ubushyuhe bwibirahuri byahimbwe mu turere dutandukanye, amacupa mu turere twinshi yerekana amabara atandukanye.Amacupa yijimye ashobora kuboneka mu turere tumwe na tumwe, nk'Ubutaliyani na Rhineland mu Budage.Kera, amacupa yamabara yubudage Rhineland na Moselle yari atandukanye cyane.Rhineland yakunze kuba umukara mugihe Moselle yakundaga kuba icyatsi.Ariko ubu abadandaza ba vino benshi mubudage bakoresha amacupa yicyatsi kugirango bapakire vino yabo, kuko icyatsi ari cyiza cyane?Birashoboka ko! Mu myaka yashize, irindi bara ryarakaranze, ni ukuvuga "ibara ryibabi ryapfuye".Iri ni ibara hagati yumuhondo nicyatsi.Yagaragaye bwa mbere ku bipfunyika bya divayi yera ya Chardonnay ya Burgundy.Hamwe na Chardonnay izenguruka isi, uruganda rutunganya inzoga mu tundi turere narwo rukoresha ibara ryibabi ryapfuye kugirango bapakire vino yabo.

Nizere ko iyi ngingo ishobora kugufasha kumva neza amateka ya vino itukura niterambere ryamacupa ya divayi itukura